"mingskou"@cs . . . . . "Mingy"@cs . . . . "Merle"@cs . "James B."@cs . "32.8"^^ . . . . . . "Vladim\u00EDr Li\u0161\u010D\u00E1k"@cs . "Ming Dynasty"@cs . . . "Simon and Schuster"@cs . . "696"^^ . . . . . "The Historical Status of China's Tibet"@cs . "Rostislav Borisovi\u010D"@cs . "\u0158\u00ED\u0161e Ming"@cs . . "695"^^ . . . "Harvard University Press"@cs . "H.C"@cs . . "ru"@cs . . . . . . "Hartwell"@cs . "Time, Money, and the Weather: Ming China and the \"Great Depression\" of the Mid-Fifteenth Century"@cs . "Mark"@cs . . . "Gyaincain"@cs . "652"^^ . . . . "640"^^ . . . . "268"^^ . "Nepomnin"@cs . . "Timothy"@cs . . "Denis C."@cs . "2010-01-10"^^ . . . . . "East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History"@cs . "Perdue"@cs . . "786712198"^^ . . . "728"^^ . . . . . . "Dynastie \u010Cching"@cs . "716"^^ . . "712"^^ . "32.8 103.0833333" . "Mingsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e"@cs . . "Cambridge University Press"@cs . "John A"@cs . . "roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00E9"@cs . "Robert M"@cs . . . . . . "2012-05-22"^^ . "Blundenov\u00E1"@cs . "Norbu"@cs . "\u010Ctvero ro\u010Dn\u00EDch obdob\u00ED dynastie Ming: \u010C\u00EDna v obdob\u00ED 1368\u20131644"@cs . "Ebrey"@cs . "Caves Books"@cs . "The Journal of Asian Studies"@cs . . "Isis"@cs . . "Cambridge Illustrated Histories"@cs . "Nakladatelstv\u00ED Lidov\u00E9 noviny"@cs . . "The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention"@cs . . . "D\u011Bjiny \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9ho my\u0161len\u00ED"@cs . "Fairbank"@cs . "\u010C\u00EDnsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e"@cs . "Elvin"@cs . "China Online Museum"@cs . . . . "Atwell"@cs . "9004117741"^^ . "John K"@cs . "mingsk\u00E9m obdob\u00ED"@cs . . "L. V."@cs . . . . "Hans"@cs . "Chinaknowledge - a universal guide for China studies"@cs . . "\u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00ED Ming"@cs . . "The Chinese state in Ming society"@cs . "Caroline"@cs . . "\u5927\u660E"@cs . . . "prosinec"@cs . . "Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc."@cs . "\u0158\u00ED\u0161e Ming.png"@cs . . . . . "16286232"^^ . "mingsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e"@cs . "China's Tibet Policy"@cs . . . . . . . . "2"^^ . . . "2000"^^ . "The Australian National University, Centre of Oriental Studies"@cs . "Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty"@cs . . "5"^^ . "D\u011Bjiny \u010C\u00EDny"@cs . . . "2009"^^ . . "Warfare in Chinese History"@cs . . . . . . . "Jonathan"@cs . . . "University of Washington Press"@cs . . "Elliot"@cs . . . "McKay"@cs . "Galerie prac\u00ED v\u00FDznamn\u00FDch \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00FDch mal\u00ED\u0159\u016F, v\u010Detn\u011B mal\u00ED\u0159\u016F mingsk\u00E9 doby"@cs . . "Berkeley"@cs . . . . "RoutledgeCurzon"@cs . . . "Joseph"@cs . "21032960"^^ . . "Politics, Force and Ethnicity in Ming China: Mongols and the Abortive Coup of 1461"@cs . "1644"^^ . "Bamber"@cs . . "1368"^^ . . "Ulrich"@cs . "520219511"^^ . "mingsk\u00E1"@cs . "The Cambridge History of China"@cs . "History of Education Quarterly"@cs . . "\u0159\u00ED\u0161e Ming"@cs . "d\u00EDl"@cs . . "Taipei"@cs . "Robinson"@cs . . . . "Belknap Press"@cs . "Patricia Buckley"@cs . "29"^^ . "1008"^^ . . . "Boston"@cs . "1"^^ . "Ho"@cs . . "\u0412\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0430. \u041A\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u041C\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438"@cs . "Temple"@cs . . . . "Sv\u011Bt \u010C\u00EDny: kulturn\u00ED atlas"@cs . "2"^^ . . "3"^^ . "The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet and the Dalai Lama"@cs . "1"^^ . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044F: \u042D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0430 \u0426\u0438\u043D. XVII - \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u043E XX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430"@cs . . "mingsk\u00E9m"@cs . . . . . "China Intercontinental Press"@cs . . . . . "1644"^^ . . . . . "83"^^ . . . . . . . . "Josef"@cs . . . . . "79"^^ . . . "182"^^ . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430. \u0412 6 \u0442:"@cs . "Charles O"@cs . . . . "mingsk\u00E9 \u010C\u00EDny"@cs . . "2006"^^ . . "2005"^^ . "Famous Chinese Painters"@cs . "2002"^^ . "2003"^^ . . "2000"^^ . "2001"^^ . "1998"^^ . "1999"^^ . . "1997"^^ . "Wong"@cs . "1994"^^ . . "2"^^ . "3"^^ . "4"^^ . "\u0422\u043E\u043C"@cs . "5"^^ . . "6"^^ . "1988"^^ . "7"^^ . "8"^^ . "1986"^^ . "Dynastie \u0160un"@cs . . . . . . "2012"^^ . . . . "Lama Tribute in the Ming Dynasty"@cs . . . "William S"@cs . . "d\u00EDly"@cs . "528"^^ . . . . "42"^^ . . "1231"^^ . "mingsk\u00E9ho"@cs . . . "Cambridge"@cs . . . "34"^^ . "mingsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161i"@cs . . . "482"^^ . . . "59"^^ . . . "Vy\u0161ehrad"@cs . "61"^^ . "Melvyn C"@cs . "252"^^ . . "103.083"^^ . "671620282"^^ . "54"^^ . "Lipman"@cs . . . . "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-shi, and Hsuan-te reigns"@cs . "Ming\u016F"@cs . "Turrell V"@cs . "Department of Asian Art"@cs . . "st\u00E1tu"@cs . . "Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China"@cs . "1982"^^ . . . . . . "1974"^^ . . . "Carroll & Graf Publishers"@cs . "21"^^ . "Wylie"@cs . . "1967"^^ . "Culture, History, and Imperial Chinese Strategy: Legacies of the Qing Conquests"@cs . "\u0158\u00ED\u0161e Ming (\u010D\u00EDnsky: znaky tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u660E\u570B, zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u660E\u56FD, pinyin M\u00EDng Gu\u00F3, \u010Desk\u00FD p\u0159epis Ming Kuo), pln\u00FDm n\u00E1zvem \u0158\u00ED\u0161e Velk\u00E1 Ming (\u010D\u00EDnsky: znaky zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u5927\u660E\u56FD, tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u5927\u660E\u570B, pinyin D\u00E0 M\u00EDng Gu\u00F3, \u010Desk\u00FD p\u0159epis Ta Ming Kuo; tak\u00E9 anachronicky \u010D\u00EDnsky: znaky zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u5927\u660E\u5E1D\u56FD, tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u5927\u660E\u5E1D\u570B, pinyin D\u00E0 M\u00EDng D\u00ECgu\u00F3, \u010Desk\u00FD p\u0159epis Ta Ming Tikuo) byl \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00FD st\u00E1t nazvan\u00FD podle vl\u00E1dnouc\u00ED dynastie Ming (\u010D\u00EDnsky: znaky \u660E\u671D, pinyin M\u00EDng Ch\u00E1o, \u010Desk\u00FD p\u0159epis Ming \u010Cchao). \u0158\u00ED\u0161e byla zalo\u017Eena roku 1368 vyhn\u00E1n\u00EDm mongolsk\u00E9 dynastie J\u00FCan. B\u00FDv\u00E1 pova\u017Eov\u00E1na za \u201Ejedno z nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDch obdob\u00ED \u0159\u00E1dn\u00E9 vl\u00E1dy a soci\u00E1ln\u00ED stability v historii lidstva,\u201C kdy \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E1 civilizace m\u011Bla vysokou \u00FArove\u0148 a za\u010D\u00EDnala vytv\u00E1\u0159et kapitalismus. Mingov\u00E9 byli posledn\u00ED \u010D\u00EDnskou n\u00E1rodn\u00ED (tj. chanskou) dynasti\u00ED, vl\u00E1dnouc\u00ED \u010C\u00EDn\u011B po t\u0159i stolet\u00ED. N\u00E1sledovala je mand\u017Eusk\u00E1 Dynastie \u010Cching.Mingsk\u00E9 hlavn\u00ED m\u011Bsto Peking roku 1644 padlo s celou severn\u00ED \u010C\u00EDnou do rukou Mand\u017Eu\u016F, ale ji\u017En\u00ED \u010D\u00E1st zem\u011B z\u016Fstala je\u0161t\u011B 17 let (do roku 1661) pod kontrolou \u010C\u00ED\u0148an\u016F (Chan\u016F). Tyto pozdn\u00ED mingsk\u00E9 re\u017Eimy ji\u017En\u00ED \u010C\u00EDny se ozna\u010Duj\u00ED Ji\u017En\u00ED Ming.Zakladatel mingsk\u00E9ho st\u00E1tu a dynastie c\u00EDsa\u0159 Chung-wu (vl\u00E1dl 1368\u20131398) se pokusil vybudovat spole\u010Dnost sob\u011Bsta\u010Dn\u00FDch zem\u011Bd\u011Blsk\u00FDch komunit ve stabiln\u00EDm syst\u00E9mu vztah\u016F, kter\u00FD by komer\u010Dn\u00ED \u017Eivot a obchod ve m\u011Bstech omezil na minimum. Soukrom\u00FD sektor pozemkov\u00FDch panstv\u00ED se dlouhotrvaj\u00EDc\u00EDmi v\u00E1lkami zmen\u0161il na jednu t\u0159etinu ve\u0161ker\u00E9 obd\u011Bl\u00E1van\u00E9 p\u016Fdy, zat\u00EDmco st\u00E1tn\u00ED vlastnictv\u00ED p\u016Fdy rostlo. Vznikl tak st\u00E1tn\u00ED p\u0159\u00EDd\u011Blov\u00FD syst\u00E9m, by\u0165 form\u00E1ln\u011B nevyhl\u00E1\u0161en\u00FD. P\u0159\u00EDsn\u011B centralizovan\u00E1 st\u00E1tn\u00ED spr\u00E1va se sna\u017Eila \u0159\u00EDdit v\u0161echny oblasti \u017Eivota. Znovuvybudov\u00E1n\u00ED \u010C\u00EDny na zem\u011Bd\u011Blsk\u00E9 z\u00E1kladn\u011B a zkvalitn\u011Bn\u00ED komunikac\u00ED pomoc\u00ED vojensk\u00E9 kur\u00FDrn\u00ED s\u00EDt\u011B p\u0159ineslo nezam\u00FD\u0161len\u00FD d\u016Fsledek \u2013 vznik trh\u016F pod\u00E9l obnoven\u00FDch cest a pronik\u00E1n\u00ED m\u011Bstsk\u00FDch trend\u016F na venkov. Takzvan\u00E1 d\u017Eentry, t\u0159\u00EDda vzd\u011Blan\u00FDch statk\u00E1\u0159\u016F obsazuj\u00EDc\u00EDch \u00FA\u0159edn\u00ED posty, byla ovlivn\u011Bny novou, konzumn\u011B orientovanou kulturou. Mezi vzd\u011Blan\u00E9 \u00FA\u0159ednictvo za\u010Daly pronikat obchodnick\u00E9 rodiny, kter\u00E9 p\u0159eb\u00EDraly zvyklosti typick\u00E9 pro d\u017Eentry. Paraleln\u011B prob\u00EDhaly zm\u011Bny v soci\u00E1ln\u00ED a politick\u00E9 filozofii, spr\u00E1vn\u00EDch instituc\u00EDch a tak\u00E9 v um\u011Bn\u00ED a literatu\u0159e.\u0158\u00ED\u0161e Ming\u016F m\u011Bla velk\u00E9 n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00ED lo\u010Fstvo a st\u00E1lou arm\u00E1du, jej\u00ED\u017E celkov\u00E1 po\u010Detnost kol\u00EDsala mezi jedn\u00EDm a \u010Dty\u0159mi mili\u00F3ny voj\u00E1k\u016F. Plavby admir\u00E1la \u010Ceng Chea p\u0159ekonaly ve\u0161ker\u00E9 minul\u00E9 expedice a dos\u00E1hly v\u00FDchodn\u00ED Afriky. Vl\u00E1da uskute\u010Dnila obrovsk\u00E1 stavebn\u00ED d\u00EDla v\u010Detn\u011B obnoven\u00ED Velk\u00E9ho kan\u00E1lu, Velk\u00E9 \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 zdi a v\u00FDstavby Zak\u00E1zan\u00E9ho m\u011Bsta v Pekingu v prvn\u00ED \u010Dtvrtin\u011B 15. stolet\u00ED. Populace mingsk\u00E9 \u010C\u00EDny vzrostla z po\u010D\u00E1te\u010Dn\u00EDch v\u00EDce ne\u017E 60 mili\u00F3n\u016F na maximum 160\u2013200 mili\u00F3n\u016F obyvatel po\u010D\u00E1tkem 17. stolet\u00ED. V posledn\u00EDch desetilet\u00EDch vl\u00E1dy dynastie v\u0161ak lid\u00ED zna\u010Dn\u011B ubylo n\u00E1sledkem epidemi\u00ED, hladomor\u016F a v\u00E1lek.V 16. stolet\u00ED ekonomiku mingsk\u00E9 \u010C\u00EDny stimuloval obchod s Portugalci, \u0160pan\u011Bly a Nizozemci. \u010C\u00EDna se zapojila do glob\u00E1ln\u00ED v\u00FDm\u011Bny zbo\u017E\u00ED, rostlin, zv\u00ED\u0159at a potravin (naz\u00FDvan\u00E9 kolumbovsk\u00E1 v\u00FDm\u011Bna) v roli centra sv\u011Btov\u00E9 ekonomiky. V\u00FDvoz zbo\u017E\u00ED do Evropy a Japonska p\u0159inesl \u010C\u00EDn\u011B zna\u010Dn\u00E9 mno\u017Estv\u00ED st\u0159\u00EDbra, kter\u00E9 v roli v\u0161eobecn\u00E9ho platidla nahradilo m\u011Bd\u011Bn\u00E9 a pap\u00EDrov\u00E9 pen\u00EDze. V posledn\u00EDch desetilet\u00EDch mingsk\u00E9 vl\u00E1dy se p\u0159\u00EDtok st\u0159\u00EDbra do \u010C\u00EDny v\u00FDrazn\u011B sn\u00ED\u017Eil a poklesla i zem\u011Bd\u011Blsk\u00E1 produkce kv\u016Fli n\u00E1stupu mal\u00E9 doby ledov\u00E9, p\u0159\u00EDrodn\u00EDch katastrof a epidemi\u00ED. Z\u00E1rove\u0148 se od druh\u00E9 poloviny 16. stolet\u00ED ve st\u00E1tn\u00EDm apar\u00E1tu projevily p\u0159\u00EDznaky rozkladu a k po\u010D\u00E1tku 17. stolet\u00ED u\u017E byl zcela pros\u00E1kl\u00FD korupc\u00ED. C\u00EDsa\u0159i se m\u00E1lo zaj\u00EDmali o politiku a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ED moc byla v ruk\u00E1ch jejich po\u010Detn\u00E9ho okol\u00ED (p\u0159\u00EDbuzn\u00FDch, eunuch\u016F a vysok\u00FDch \u00FA\u0159edn\u00EDk\u016F). Krize zas\u00E1hla tak\u00E9 vztahy na vesnici: po \u00FApln\u00E9 privatizaci pozemk\u016F \u010Dinovn\u00EDky vl\u00E1dn\u00EDho apar\u00E1tu st\u00E1tn\u00ED sektor prakticky zmizel. Pokles \u017Eivotn\u00ED \u00FArovn\u011B obyvatelstva a autority vl\u00E1dy vedl povstalce jako byl Li C\u2019-\u010Dcheng k odm\u00EDtnut\u00ED legitimity dynastie.Slabost \u0159\u00ED\u0161e vyu\u017Eil nedlouho p\u0159edt\u00EDm zkonsolidovan\u00FD st\u00E1t Mand\u017Eu\u016F k \u00FAtoku na \u010C\u00EDnu. Po p\u00E1du hlavn\u00EDho m\u011Bsta a sebevra\u017Ed\u011B c\u00EDsa\u0159e \u010Cchung-\u010Dena m\u00EDstn\u00ED spr\u00E1vn\u00ED a vojen\u0161t\u00ED p\u0159edstavitel\u00E9 st\u00E1le je\u0161t\u011B ovl\u00E1daj\u00EDc\u00ED Nanking, Fu-\u0165ien, Kuang-tung, \u0160an-si a J\u00FCn-nan nebyli schopni zkoordinovat sv\u00E9 akce, a do roku 1661 jeden po druh\u00E9m podlehli mand\u017Eusk\u00E9mu tlaku. Posledn\u00ED mingsk\u00FD c\u00EDsa\u0159 Jung-li uprchl do Barmy, ale u\u017E za\u010D\u00E1tkem roku 1662 ho zajali a zabili \u010Dching\u0161t\u00ED voj\u00E1ci. Jeden z mingsk\u00FDch vojev\u016Fdc\u016F \u010Ceng \u010Ccheng-kung pochopil bezperspektivnost boje s Mand\u017Euy na pevnin\u011B a v letech 1661\u20131662 vyhnal Nizozemce z Tchaj-wanu. Na ostrov\u011B vl\u00E1dli jeho potomci a\u017E do roku 1683, kdy i Tchaj-wan dobyli Mand\u017Euov\u00E9."@cs . . . . "1963"^^ . . "193"^^ . "1958"^^ . "1959"^^ . . . "521243335"^^ . "University of California Press"@cs . "Rybakov"@cs . "521243327"^^ . "\u0158\u00ED\u0161e Ming (\u010D\u00EDnsky: znaky tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u660E\u570B, zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u660E\u56FD, pinyin M\u00EDng Gu\u00F3, \u010Desk\u00FD p\u0159epis Ming Kuo), pln\u00FDm n\u00E1zvem \u0158\u00ED\u0161e Velk\u00E1 Ming (\u010D\u00EDnsky: znaky zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u5927\u660E\u56FD, tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u5927\u660E\u570B, pinyin D\u00E0 M\u00EDng Gu\u00F3, \u010Desk\u00FD p\u0159epis Ta Ming Kuo; tak\u00E9 anachronicky \u010D\u00EDnsky: znaky zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u5927\u660E\u5E1D\u56FD, tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u5927\u660E\u5E1D\u570B, pinyin D\u00E0 M\u00EDng D\u00ECgu\u00F3, \u010Desk\u00FD p\u0159epis Ta Ming Tikuo) byl \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00FD st\u00E1t nazvan\u00FD podle vl\u00E1dnouc\u00ED dynastie Ming (\u010D\u00EDnsky: znaky \u660E\u671D, pinyin M\u00EDng Ch\u00E1o, \u010Desk\u00FD p\u0159epis Ming \u010Cchao)."@cs . . . . "Ming"@cs . . . . . "\u0158\u00ED\u0161e Ming"@cs . "\u010Derven"@cs . . . . . . . "700704744"^^ . . . "Houghton Mifflin Company"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . "248"^^ . . . . . . . . "143077"^^ . . "Encyclop\u00E6dia Britannica. Encyclop\u00E6dia Britannica Online"@cs . . . . . . "mingsk\u00FDm"@cs . . . . . "mingsk\u00E9ho st\u00E1tu"@cs . . "a kol."@cs . "Yuan"@cs . . . "237"^^ . . "The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1"@cs . . "Ping-ti"@cs . "DharmaGaia"@cs . "T\u00FCbingen"@cs . "Dynastie Ming"@cs . . . "Leiden"@cs . "John King"@cs . "Jiawei"@cs . . "365"^^ . . . . . "1368"^^ . "mingskou \u010C\u00EDnou"@cs . "Heslo"@cs . "mingsk\u00FDch"@cs . "304"^^ . "Rapp"@cs . "Canberra"@cs . "Dawa"@cs . . "Gascoigne"@cs . . . "\u0412\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044F \u0448\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0430"@cs . "Jurjev"@cs . "Nyima"@cs . "New York"@cs . . "mingsk\u00E9m st\u00E1t\u011B"@cs . . "Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment"@cs . "Georges"@cs . . "80"^^ . . "368"^^ . . . . "Leonid Sergejevi\u010D"@cs . "Mingsk\u00E1 \u010C\u00EDna"@cs . "pozdn\u011Bmingsk\u00E9m"@cs . "The Dynasties of China: A History"@cs . "mingsk\u00E9m st\u00E1tu"@cs . "352"^^ . "\u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442. \u043B\u0438\u0442."@cs . "Tibet and Imperial China: A Survey of Sino-Tibetan Relations Up to the End of the Manchu Dynasty in 1912: Occasional Paper 7"@cs . "Chan"@cs . . . "Kolma\u0161"@cs . . "Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu"@cs . "110"^^ . . "2003"^^ . "2000"^^ . . . . "Frederick W."@cs . "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies"@cs . "Dynastie Ji\u017En\u00ED Ming"@cs . "255"^^ . "1988"^^ . . "492"^^ . . . "Ming dynasty"@cs . . . "Cheng"@cs . . . . . . . . "\u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9ho"@cs . . . "Ming Dynasty"@cs . . . "473"^^ . . "\u0418\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0420\u0410\u041D"@cs . . "0"^^ . . . . . "5"^^ . "Seattle"@cs . "China: A New History"@cs . . "Twitchett"@cs . 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