. . . . "\u010Cu \u010Cen, kn\u00ED\u017Ee \u010Cao z \u010Cchu"@cs . . "Autocracy and China's rebel founding emperors: comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu"@cs . "v\u00E9voda Wu ,"@cs . . "The Cambridge History of China"@cs . "\u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dangov\u00FDm"@cs . . "\u0427\u0436\u0443 \u042E\u0430\u043D\u044C\u0447\u0436\u0430\u043D"@cs . . "8"^^ . . . "1368"^^ . . . . "#ff0000"@cs . . . "7"^^ . . . "1968"^^ . "1982"^^ . "1983"^^ . "\u010Cu Chuej, kn\u00ED\u017Ee z Ku"@cs . "a \u0159ada vedlej\u0161\u00EDch man\u017Eelek"@cs . "1980"^^ . "\u010Cu Kuej, kn\u00ED\u017Ee \u0164ien z Taj"@cs . . . "Chung-wu"@cs . . "0"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "\u010Cu \u010Cchung-pa ()"@cs . . . . . . "Mauzoleum Ming-siao-ling"@cs . . . . . "9004103910"^^ . . . . . "\u010Cu Wu-s\u2019"@cs . . . "\u0412. \u041F. \u0418\u043B\u044E\u0448\u0435\u0447\u043A\u0438\u043D"@cs . . . "Berkeley, Los Angeles, London"@cs . "\u010Cu"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . "358"^^ . . . "p\u0159edmluva \u041B. \u0421. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043B\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0432"@cs . "\u660E\u592A\u7956.jpg"@cs . "\u010Cu Tchan, kn\u00ED\u017Ee Chuang z Lu"@cs . . . "Tchaj-cu"@cs . . . . "C\u00EDsa\u0159 Chung-wu (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Hongwu, znaky \u6D2A\u6B66; 21. \u0159\u00EDjna 1328 \u2013 24. \u010Dervna 1398), vlastn\u00EDm jm\u00E9nem \u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dang (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Zh\u016B\u200B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng, znaky \u6731\u5143\u748B), zn\u00E1m\u00FD t\u00E9\u017E pod chr\u00E1mov\u00FDm jm\u00E9nem Tchaj-cu (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem T\u00E0iz\u01D4, znaky \u592A\u7956), byl zakladatel a prvn\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159 \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 dynastie Ming. Chung-wu bylo jm\u00E9no \u00E9ry vl\u00E1dy c\u00EDsa\u0159e vyjad\u0159uj\u00EDc\u00ED z\u00E1kladn\u00ED sm\u011Br vl\u00E1dn\u00ED politiky; znamen\u00E1 \u201ENesm\u00EDrn\u00E1 bojovnost\u201C.V polovin\u011B 14."@cs . . . . "361"^^ . . "Dardess"@cs . . . "21287906"^^ . . "D\u011Bjiny a sou\u010Dasnost"@cs . "368"^^ . "1328-10-21"^^ . . "1988"^^ . . . "1998"^^ . "od 1352 \u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dang ()"@cs . . "Cambridge"@cs . "1995"^^ . . "Brook"@cs . "259"^^ . "80"^^ . . "521243327"^^ . "2005"^^ . . "2003"^^ . "29598449"^^ . . "\u010Cu Sung, kn\u00ED\u017Ee Sien z Chan"@cs . . "v\u00E9voda Wu (1361\u20131364),"@cs . "521243335"^^ . . . . . . . "Encyclop\u00E6dia Britannica Online"@cs . "\u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dangem"@cs . "Brill"@cs . . . "Seattle"@cs . . . . . . . . . "520047338"^^ . "\u0423"@cs . "1"^^ . . . "\u010Cu \u0160uang, kn\u00ED\u017Ee Min z \u010Cchin"@cs . . "University of Washington Press"@cs . . "Chung-wu"@cs . . "\u010Cu Mo, kn\u00ED\u017Ee \u0164ien z \u0160en"@cs . . . . "319"^^ . . "315"^^ . "zkr\u00E1cen\u00E9:Kao-ti ,"@cs . . . "\u010Cu Jing, kn\u00ED\u017Ee \u010Cuang z Su"@cs . . . "Denis C."@cs . . . . "\u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dang"@cs . "\u010Ctvero ro\u010Dn\u00EDch obdob\u00ED dynastie Ming: \u010C\u00EDna v obdob\u00ED 1368\u20131644"@cs . . "\u010Cu \u010Cchun, kn\u00ED\u017Ee Sien z \u0160u"@cs . . "\u010Cu Fu, kn\u00ED\u017Ee z \u010Cchi"@cs . "\u00FApln\u00E9: Kchaj-tchien sing-tao \u010Dao-\u0165i li-\u0165i ta-\u0161eng \u010D\u2019-\u0161en \u017Een-wen i-wu \u0165\u00FCn-te \u010Dcheng-kung kao chuang-ti"@cs . . . . "c\u00EDsa\u0159 \u010C\u00EDny"@cs . . . "Edward L."@cs . . . . . "1398-06-24"^^ . . . "\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0435\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0427\u0436\u0443 \u042E\u0430\u043D\u044C\u0447\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0430"@cs . "Hongwu"@cs . "Edward L"@cs . "306"^^ . "Cambridge University Press"@cs . "418"^^ . "Chung-wu"@cs . "kr\u00E1l Wu (4. \u00FAnor1364\u201323. leden1368)"@cs . "99422"^^ . . . . "\u010Cu C\u2019, kn\u00ED\u017Ee z Tchan"@cs . "\u010Cchen Er-niang"@cs . . . . "\u041F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441"@cs . . "\u0410. \u0416\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u041B. \u0411\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430, \u041D. \u041C\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0443\u0435\u0432"@cs . . . . "Volume"@cs . . "Chung-wu"@cs . "\u010Cu \u010Can, kn\u00ED\u017Ee \u0164ing z \u010Cching"@cs . "Mote"@cs . . "Timothy"@cs . "John A."@cs . . "Stanford"@cs . "Chan"@cs . "\u010Cu Kang, kn\u00ED\u017Ee Kung z \u0164in"@cs . "2011-01-20"^^ . "1398"^^ . . . "Stanford University Press"@cs . "\u010Cu Tung, kn\u00ED\u017Ee \u0164ing z Jing"@cs . . . "P\u0159eklad a p\u0159edmluva Yonglin Jiang"@cs . . . . "\u010Cu \u0164i, kn\u00ED\u017Ee z \u010Cao"@cs . . "Sirotek, mnich a despotick\u00FD c\u00EDsa\u0159"@cs . . "Pokora"@cs . . . . . . "en"@cs . . . . . . . . . "\u010Cu Pien, kn\u00ED\u017Ee \u010Cuang z Min"@cs . . "\u6731\u5143\u748B"@cs . "1231"^^ . . . . . . "--01-23"^^ . . . . . "Praha"@cs . . "Hongwu Emperor"@cs . . "Rowman & Littlefield"@cs . . . . . . "Lanham, Maryland"@cs . . "\u010Cu \u010Cch\u00FCan, kn\u00ED\u017Ee Sien z Ning"@cs . "Ming"@cs . "Early Ming China: a political history, 1355-1435"@cs . . . . . . . . . "John W"@cs . . "C\u00EDsa\u0159 Chung-wu (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Hongwu, znaky \u6D2A\u6B66; 21. \u0159\u00EDjna 1328 \u2013 24. \u010Dervna 1398), vlastn\u00EDm jm\u00E9nem \u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dang (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Zh\u016B\u200B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng, znaky \u6731\u5143\u748B), zn\u00E1m\u00FD t\u00E9\u017E pod chr\u00E1mov\u00FDm jm\u00E9nem Tchaj-cu (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem T\u00E0iz\u01D4, znaky \u592A\u7956), byl zakladatel a prvn\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159 \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 dynastie Ming. Chung-wu bylo jm\u00E9no \u00E9ry vl\u00E1dy c\u00EDsa\u0159e vyjad\u0159uj\u00EDc\u00ED z\u00E1kladn\u00ED sm\u011Br vl\u00E1dn\u00ED politiky; znamen\u00E1 \u201ENesm\u00EDrn\u00E1 bojovnost\u201C.V polovin\u011B 14. stolet\u00ED, kdy\u017E epidemie, hladomory a rolnick\u00E1 povst\u00E1n\u00ED zachv\u00E1tila \u010C\u00EDnu ovl\u00E1danou mongolskou dynasti\u00ED J\u00FCan, \u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dang ztratil rodi\u010De a nezbylo mu, ne\u017E se jako potuln\u00FD mnich \u017Eivit \u017Eebrotou. B\u011Bdn\u00E9 ml\u00E1d\u00ED budouc\u00EDho c\u00EDsa\u0159e v\u00FDrazn\u011B ovlivnilo na cel\u00FD \u017Eivot. C\u00EDtil s probl\u00E9my oby\u010Dejn\u00FDch lid\u00ED, naproti tomu opovrhoval u\u010Denci, z\u00EDsk\u00E1vaj\u00EDc\u00EDmi znalosti o sv\u011Bt\u011B pouze z knih.Roku 1352 se p\u0159idal k jednomu z odd\u00EDl\u016F rebel\u016F. Z\u00E1hy mezi vzbou\u0159enci vynikl a stanul v \u010Dele vlastn\u00ED arm\u00E1dy. Roku 1356 dobyl Nanking, kter\u00FD u\u010Dinil sv\u00FDm hlavn\u00EDm m\u011Bstem. Pot\u00E9 sestavil vlastn\u00ED vl\u00E1du slo\u017Eenou z gener\u00E1l\u016F a konfuci\u00E1nsk\u00FDch vzd\u011Blanc\u016F odm\u00EDtaj\u00EDc\u00EDch mongolsk\u00E9 panstv\u00ED nad \u010C\u00EDnou. Od nich p\u0159evzal koncepci spr\u00E1vy zem\u011B, kterou realizoval na ovl\u00E1dan\u00E9m \u00FAzem\u00ED a pozd\u011Bji v cel\u00E9 \u010C\u00EDn\u011B. Postupn\u011B porazil konkuren\u010Dn\u00ED povstaleck\u00E9 v\u016Fdce, rozhoduj\u00EDc\u00EDm mezn\u00EDkem v boji o moc byla por\u00E1\u017Eka \u010Cchen Jou-lianga v bitv\u011B na jeze\u0159e Pcho-jang roku 1363. Po\u010D\u00E1tkem n\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00EDho roku 1364 se prohl\u00E1sil kr\u00E1lem Wu. Do roku 1367 v\u0161ak st\u00E1le uzn\u00E1val svou form\u00E1ln\u00ED pod\u0159\u00EDzenost hlavn\u00EDmu v\u016Fdci Rud\u00FDch turban\u016F c\u00EDsa\u0159i Chan Lin-erovi, prohla\u0161uj\u00EDc\u00EDmu se za n\u00E1sledn\u00EDka dynastie Sung.Po\u010D\u00E1tkem roku 1368, kdy u\u017E dominoval ji\u017En\u00ED a st\u0159edn\u00ED \u010C\u00EDn\u011B, p\u0159ejmenoval sv\u016Fj st\u00E1t. Pro svou \u0159\u00ED\u0161i vybral jm\u00E9no Ta Ming (doslova \u201EVelik\u00E1 z\u00E1\u0159e\u201C). Za n\u00E1zev \u00E9ry a heslo sv\u00E9 vl\u00E1dy ur\u010Dil Chung-wu (\u201ENesm\u00EDrn\u00E1 bojovnost\u201C). V n\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00ED \u010Dty\u0159let\u00E9 v\u00E1lce vyhnal z \u010C\u00EDny mongolsk\u00E9 arm\u00E1dy v\u011Brn\u00E9 dynastii J\u00FCan a sjednotil zemi. Pokus dob\u00FDt Mongolsko v\u0161ak skon\u010Dil ne\u00FAsp\u011Bchem.B\u011Bhem n\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00EDch t\u0159iceti let vl\u00E1dy Chung-wua mingsk\u00E1 \u010C\u00EDna zna\u010Dn\u011B zes\u00EDlila a zotavila se z dlouhotrvaj\u00EDc\u00EDch v\u00E1lek. C\u00EDsa\u0159 m\u011Bl jasnou p\u0159edstavu o uspo\u0159\u00E1d\u00E1n\u00ED spole\u010Dnosti a v\u011B\u0159il, \u017Ee m\u00E1 b\u00FDt zm\u011Bn\u011Bna reformou instituc\u00ED \u2013 co\u017E byl sp\u00ED\u0161e legistick\u00FD p\u0159\u00EDstup kontrastuj\u00EDc\u00ED s konfuci\u00E1nsk\u00FDm n\u00E1zorem o kl\u00ED\u010Dov\u00E9 roli mor\u00E1ln\u00EDho vzoru vl\u00E1dce. Byl citliv\u00FD na osobn\u00ED bezpe\u010Dnost a loajalitu pod\u0159\u00EDzen\u00FDch, pragmatick\u00FD a obez\u0159etn\u00FD ve vojensk\u00FDch z\u00E1le\u017Eitostech. Jeho arm\u00E1da byla disciplinovan\u00E1 a sna\u017Eil se civiln\u00ED obyvatelstvo u\u0161et\u0159it obt\u00ED\u017E\u00ED v\u00E1lky.Vrchol jeho politick\u00E9ho syst\u00E9mu sice zkolaboval v ob\u010Dansk\u00E9 v\u00E1lce kr\u00E1tce po jeho smrti, ale dal\u0161\u00ED produkty Chung-wuov\u00FDch reforem \u2013 m\u00EDstn\u00ED a region\u00E1ln\u00ED instituce mingsk\u00E9 st\u00E1tn\u00ED spr\u00E1vy a samospr\u00E1vy i finan\u010Dn\u00ED a zkou\u0161kov\u00FD syst\u00E9m se uk\u00E1zaly b\u00FDt solidn\u00ED. Cenzus, syst\u00E9m registrace p\u016Fdy a pozemkov\u00E9 dan\u011B i vojensk\u00FD syst\u00E9m wej-suo p\u0159e\u017Eily do konce dynastie. Jeho potomci vl\u00E1dli cel\u00E9 \u010C\u00EDn\u011B a\u017E do roku 1644 a jihu zem\u011B je\u0161t\u011B o sedmn\u00E1ct let d\u00E9le."@cs . "\u010Cu Nan"@cs . . . . . . . . . "\u0425\u0430\u043D\u044C"@cs . . . . . . "od 1352 \u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dang"@cs . . . . "Fairbank"@cs . . . "Hongwu"@cs . . . . . . . . . . "The Great Ming Code: Da Ming l\u00FC"@cs . . "John King"@cs . . "\u010Cu I, kn\u00ED\u017Ee Li z I"@cs . . "anglicky"@cs . . . . . "Chung-wu"@cs . . . . . "Marin H\u00E1la, Jana Hollanov\u00E1, Olga Lomov\u00E1"@cs . . . "T\u00E0iz\u01D4"@cs . "ru"@cs . . "\u010Cu Ti"@cs . "kr\u00E1l Wu"@cs . . . . . "Zhu Yuanzhang and early Ming legislation: the reordering of Chinese society following the era of Mongol rule"@cs . "a 16 dcer"@cs . "Andrew"@cs . "pak \u010Cu Sing-cung ()"@cs . "\u592A\u7956"@cs . . "\u6D2A\u6B66"@cs . "University of California Press"@cs . . . . . . . . "Zh\u016B\u200B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng"@cs . "Timoteus"@cs . "\u010Cu"@cs . . "Frederick W."@cs . . . "Leiden"@cs . "pak \u010Cu Sing-cung"@cs . "Confucianism and autocracy: professional elites in the founding of the Ming Dynasty"@cs . "\u010Cu \u0164ing, kn\u00ED\u017Ee Ting z Tchang"@cs . . "1008"^^ . "\u010Cu \u010Cchung-pa"@cs . . . "Anita M."@cs . "Vladim\u00EDr Li\u0161\u010D\u00E1k"@cs . "Vy\u0161ehrad"@cs . "David B"@cs . "Rapp"@cs . . "\u010Cu Su, kn\u00ED\u017Ee Ting z \u010Cou"@cs . "434649889"^^ . . . . . . . . . "\u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Danga"@cs . "D\u011Bjiny \u010C\u00EDny"@cs . . . . . . "35"^^ . "506834"^^ . . . "\u041C\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430"@cs . "Dreyer"@cs . "Nakladatelstv\u00ED Lidov\u00E9 noviny"@cs . . "\u010Cu \u010C\u2019, kn\u00ED\u017Ee \u0164ien z Liao"@cs . "12"^^ . . "Portr\u00E9t"@cs . . "16473322"^^ . "\u010Cu Po, kn\u00ED\u017Ee Sien z Siang"@cs . "Twitchett"@cs . "Farmer"@cs . . . . "\u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dangovi"@cs . . . . . . "\u010Cu Jing, kn\u00ED\u017Ee Chuej z An"@cs . "2000"^^ . "a kol."@cs . .