. . . "Vladim\u00EDr Li\u0161\u010D\u00E1k"@cs . . "anglicky"@cs . "Ray"@cs . . . "\u041B. \u0412."@cs . . . "248"^^ . . . "Kangying"@cs . "Theobald"@cs . "Chinese History \u2013 Ming Dynasty \u660E economy"@cs . . . "Rapp"@cs . . "Edward L"@cs . "Huang"@cs . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044F \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D \u0434\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043D\u0435\u0439"@cs . . "\u042E\u0440\u044C\u0435\u0432"@cs . . . "1988"^^ . "Twitchett"@cs . . "1995"^^ . "1998"^^ . "Ulrich"@cs . . "The Chinese state in Ming society"@cs . . "2003"^^ . "2000"^^ . . . "2005"^^ . "2010"^^ . "80"^^ . . . . . . "90"^^ . "Vy\u0161ehrad"@cs . . "951404"^^ . "521243335"^^ . . . "\u041D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0430"@cs . . . "Leiden"@cs . "a kol."@cs . "8"^^ . . . "Chung-wuovy reformy"@cs . . "1974"^^ . . "1231"^^ . "Farmer"@cs . "Marin H\u00E1la, Jana Hollanov\u00E1, Olga Lomov\u00E1"@cs . . "7"^^ . . "Wiesbaden"@cs . . "521202833"^^ . "1980"^^ . "Otto Harrassowitz"@cs . "Cambridge"@cs . . . "Chinaknowledge \u2013 a universal guide for China studies"@cs . "Nakladatelstv\u00ED Lidov\u00E9 noviny"@cs . "Praha"@cs . . . . "0"^^ . . . . "The Ming Maritime Policy in Transition, 1367 to 1568"@cs . "368"^^ . . . . "Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule"@cs . . "John A"@cs . "2010-01-10"^^ . . "\u0412. \u041F. \u0418\u043B\u044E\u0448\u0435\u0447\u043A\u0438\u043D"@cs . . "Mote"@cs . "\u041C. \u0424."@cs . . . . "Denis C."@cs . . "Abingdon, Oxon a New York"@cs . "Li"@cs . . . "Volume"@cs . "The Cambridge History of China"@cs . "\u041F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441"@cs . "Timothy"@cs . . . . "385"^^ . . "Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu"@cs . . "John King"@cs . "Reformy Chung-wua, zakladatele a prvn\u00EDho c\u00EDsa\u0159e \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e Ming, prob\u00EDhaj\u00EDc\u00ED v 60. \u2013 90. letech 14. stolet\u00ED, byl komplex ekonomick\u00FDch, spole\u010Densk\u00FDch a politick\u00FDch reforem zam\u011B\u0159en\u00FDch na obnovu \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9ho st\u00E1tu po desetilet\u00EDch v\u00E1lek a katastrof spojen\u00FDch s \u00FApadkem mongolsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e J\u00FCan a bojem \u010C\u00ED\u0148an\u016F proti mongolsk\u00E9 nadvl\u00E1d\u011B. V\u00FDsledkem reforem byla obnova centralizovan\u00E9ho \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9ho st\u00E1tu, rozvoj mingsk\u00E9 ekonomiky a vznik relativn\u011B rovnost\u00E1\u0159sk\u00E9 spole\u010Dnosti s men\u0161\u00EDmi majetkov\u00FDmi rozd\u00EDly.C\u00EDsa\u0159 Chung-wu (vl\u00E1dl 1368\u20131398) se pokusil vybudovat spole\u010Dnost sob\u011Bsta\u010Dn\u00FDch zem\u011Bd\u011Blsk\u00FDch komunit ve stabiln\u00EDm syst\u00E9mu vztah\u016F, kter\u00FD by komer\u010Dn\u00ED \u017Eivot a obchod ve m\u011Bstech omezil na minimum; heslem vl\u00E1dy bylo \u201Epotla\u010Den\u00ED obchodu a podpora zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED\u201C (\u91CD\u519C\u6291\u5546, \u010Dung-nung i-\u0161ang). V nov\u011B zorganizovan\u00E9 spole\u010Dnosti bylo zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED z\u00E1kladn\u00EDm zdrojem bohatstv\u00ED a j\u00E1drem ekonomiky; \u00FA\u0159ady je v\u0161emo\u017En\u011B podporovaly. Dv\u011B t\u0159etiny p\u016Fdy pat\u0159ily st\u00E1tu. Vl\u00E1da pozemky rozdrobila mezi drobn\u00E9 roln\u00EDky p\u0159\u00EDmo obd\u011Bl\u00E1vaj\u00EDc\u00ED p\u016Fdu, naopak velc\u00ED pozemkov\u00ED vlastn\u00EDci byli systematicky omezov\u00E1ni a pron\u00E1sledov\u00E1ni. Pr\u016Fmysl a \u0159emesla podl\u00E9haly st\u00E1tn\u00EDmu \u0159\u00EDzen\u00ED, obchod byl podroben p\u0159\u00EDsn\u00E9mu dozoru. C\u00EDsa\u0159 projevoval starost o prost\u00FD lid a sna\u017Eil se mu zajistit klidn\u00FD \u017Eivot, zat\u00EDmco luxus bohat\u00FDch omezoval.C\u00EDsa\u0159 se sna\u017Eil \u0159\u00EDdit v\u0161echny oblasti \u017Eivota zem\u011B. Nov\u011B budovan\u00E1 mingsk\u00E1 st\u00E1tn\u00ED spr\u00E1va byla nepo\u010Detn\u00E1 a levn\u00E1. V \u010Dele vl\u00E1dy st\u00E1li sta\u0159\u00ED druhov\u00E9 c\u00EDsa\u0159e, nyn\u00ED gener\u00E1lov\u00E9 jeho arm\u00E1dy, postupn\u011B nahrazov\u00E1ni c\u00EDsa\u0159ov\u00FDmi syny; rutinn\u00ED administrativu obstar\u00E1vali konfuci\u00E1nsky vzd\u011Blan\u00ED \u00FA\u0159edn\u00EDci. Zdan\u011Bn\u00ED bylo zalo\u017Eeno na natur\u00E1ln\u00EDch odvodech vyp\u011Bstovan\u00FDch a/nebo vyroben\u00FDch produkt\u016F a povinn\u00E9 pr\u00E1ci ve st\u00E1tn\u00EDch manufaktur\u00E1ch a na st\u00E1tn\u00EDch stavb\u00E1ch. Pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n\u00ED pen\u011Bz nezapadalo do c\u00EDsa\u0159ova spole\u010Densk\u00E9ho ide\u00E1lu, proto se ho vl\u00E1da sna\u017Eila omezit; nav\u00EDc nem\u011Bla \u017E\u00E1dnou vhodnou m\u011Bnu: m\u011B\u010F ani st\u0159\u00EDbro nebyly k dispozici v dostate\u010Dn\u00E9m mno\u017Estv\u00ED a pap\u00EDrov\u00E9 pen\u00EDze nez\u00EDskaly d\u016Fv\u011Bru obyvatelstva kv\u016Fli sv\u00E9 nesm\u011Bnitelnosti za drah\u00E9 kovy a inflaci.Dlouhodob\u011B znovuvybudov\u00E1n\u00ED \u010C\u00EDny na zem\u011Bd\u011Blsk\u00E9 z\u00E1kladn\u011B a zkvalitn\u011Bn\u00ED komunikac\u00ED p\u0159i budov\u00E1n\u00ED vojensk\u00E9 dopravn\u00ED s\u00EDt\u011B p\u0159ineslo nezam\u00FD\u0161len\u00FD d\u016Fsledek \u2013 rozkv\u011Bt trh\u016F pod\u00E9l obnoven\u00FDch cest a pronik\u00E1n\u00ED m\u011Bstsk\u00FDch trend\u016F na venkov. D\u017Eentry, t\u0159\u00EDda konfuci\u00E1nsky vzd\u011Blan\u00FDch statk\u00E1\u0159\u016F obsazuj\u00EDc\u00EDch \u00FA\u0159edn\u00ED posty, byla ovlivn\u011Bna novou, konzumn\u011B orientovanou kulturou. S postupuj\u00EDc\u00EDmi desetilet\u00EDmi za\u010Daly mezi vzd\u011Blan\u00E9 \u00FA\u0159ednictvo pronikat obchodnick\u00E9 rodiny, kter\u00E9 p\u0159eb\u00EDraly zvyklosti d\u017Eentry. Paraleln\u011B prob\u00EDhaly zm\u011Bny v soci\u00E1ln\u00ED a politick\u00E9 filozofii, spr\u00E1vn\u00EDch instituc\u00EDch a tak\u00E9 v um\u011Bn\u00ED a literatu\u0159e."@cs . "16560604"^^ . . "\u0410. \u0416\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u041B. \u0411\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430, \u041D. \u041C\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0443\u0435\u0432"@cs . "75898"^^ . . . . . . . "Frederick W."@cs . "London; New York"@cs . . . . . "Reformy Chung-wua, zakladatele a prvn\u00EDho c\u00EDsa\u0159e \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e Ming, prob\u00EDhaj\u00EDc\u00ED v 60. \u2013 90. letech 14. stolet\u00ED, byl komplex ekonomick\u00FDch, spole\u010Densk\u00FDch a politick\u00FDch reforem zam\u011B\u0159en\u00FDch na obnovu \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9ho st\u00E1tu po desetilet\u00EDch v\u00E1lek a katastrof spojen\u00FDch s \u00FApadkem mongolsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e J\u00FCan a bojem \u010C\u00ED\u0148an\u016F proti mongolsk\u00E9 nadvl\u00E1d\u011B."@cs . . . . "142"^^ . "521243327"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Andrew"@cs . "2000"^^ . "Chung-wuovy reformy"@cs . . . "Chung-wuov\u00FDch reforem"@cs . "Taxation and governmental finance in sixteenth-century Ming China"@cs . "RoutledgeCurzon"@cs . . . . "1008"^^ . "Anita N."@cs . . "p\u0159edmluva \u041B. \u0421. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043B\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0432"@cs . . "Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc."@cs . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F"@cs . "\u010Ctvero ro\u010Dn\u00EDch obdob\u00ED dynastie Ming: \u010C\u00EDna v obdob\u00ED 1368\u20131644"@cs . "Brill"@cs . . . . . . . . "1"^^ . "\u041C\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430"@cs . "\u0423"@cs . "Cambridge University Press"@cs . . . . . . "D\u011Bjiny \u010C\u00EDny"@cs . . "Lanham"@cs . "978"^^ . . . . . . "Fairbank"@cs . "\u0425\u0430\u043D\u044C"@cs . . "Brook"@cs . . . "T\u00FCbingen"@cs . "rusky"@cs . . . "\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0435\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0427\u0436\u0443 \u042E\u0430\u043D\u044C\u0447\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0430"@cs . . . .