. . . "fagocyt\u016F"@cs . . "58"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "7407"^^ . "484014"^^ . "Fagocyt"@cs . "15415776"^^ . . "fagocytem"@cs . . . . . . "fagocytuj\u00EDc\u00ED bu\u0148ky"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . "fagocyt"@cs . . . . . "fagocyty"@cs . "fagocytu"@cs . . "Fagocyt je jak\u00E1koliv bu\u0148ka schopn\u00E1 fagocyt\u00F3zy, tedy pohlcov\u00E1n\u00ED velk\u00FDch pevn\u00FDch \u010D\u00E1stic z okoln\u00EDho prost\u0159ed\u00ED p\u0159es membr\u00E1nu. Tento zp\u016Fsob potravy se vyskytuje p\u0159ev\u00E1\u017En\u011B u mikroorganism\u016F, v\u00FDjimku v\u0161ak tvo\u0159\u00ED Houbovci (Porifera), u kter\u00FDch prob\u00EDh\u00E1 fagocyt\u00F3za v bu\u0148k\u00E1ch zvan\u00FDch choanocyty.V lidsk\u00E9m t\u011Ble jsou to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm b\u00EDl\u00E9 krvinky, kter\u00E9 tak chr\u00E1n\u00ED t\u011Blo p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010Dn\u00FDmi l\u00E1tkami, patogenn\u00EDmi organismy a mrtv\u00FDmi nebo um\u00EDraj\u00EDc\u00EDmi bu\u0148kami."@cs . "Fagocyt je jak\u00E1koliv bu\u0148ka schopn\u00E1 fagocyt\u00F3zy, tedy pohlcov\u00E1n\u00ED velk\u00FDch pevn\u00FDch \u010D\u00E1stic z okoln\u00EDho prost\u0159ed\u00ED p\u0159es membr\u00E1nu. Tento zp\u016Fsob potravy se vyskytuje p\u0159ev\u00E1\u017En\u011B u mikroorganism\u016F, v\u00FDjimku v\u0161ak tvo\u0159\u00ED Houbovci (Porifera), u kter\u00FDch prob\u00EDh\u00E1 fagocyt\u00F3za v bu\u0148k\u00E1ch zvan\u00FDch choanocyty.V lidsk\u00E9m t\u011Ble jsou to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm b\u00EDl\u00E9 krvinky, kter\u00E9 tak chr\u00E1n\u00ED t\u011Blo p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010Dn\u00FDmi l\u00E1tkami, patogenn\u00EDmi organismy a mrtv\u00FDmi nebo um\u00EDraj\u00EDc\u00EDmi bu\u0148kami. Jsou nepostradateln\u00E9 p\u0159i ochran\u011B t\u011Bla p\u0159ed infekc\u00ED a p\u0159i n\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00EDch imunitn\u00EDch reakc\u00EDch. Fagocyty jsou d\u016Fle\u017Eit\u00E9 v podstat\u011B v cel\u00E9 \u017Eivo\u010Di\u0161n\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161i \u2013 obzvl\u00E1\u0161t\u011B vyvinut\u00E9 nicm\u00E9n\u011B jsou v podkmenu obratlovc\u016F. Jeden litr krve \u010Dlov\u011Bka obsahuje zhruba \u0161est miliard fagocyt\u016F. Fagocyty byly objeveny roku 1882 Ilijou Ilji\u010Dem Me\u010Dnikovem p\u0159i zkoum\u00E1n\u00ED larev hv\u011Bzdic (Asteroidea). Za sv\u016Fj objev obdr\u017Eel roku 1908 Nobelovu cenu za fyziologii a medic\u00EDnu. Fagocyty se vyskytuj\u00ED u mnoha druh\u016F eukaryot. N\u011Bkter\u00E9 am\u00E9by se dokonce chovaj\u00ED podobn\u011B jako makrof\u00E1gy, co\u017E podkl\u00E1d\u00E1 teorii, \u017Ee se vyskytovaly ji\u017E u evolu\u010Dn\u011B velmi mlad\u00FDch organism\u016F.U \u010Dlov\u011Bka a n\u011Bkter\u00FDch dal\u0161\u00EDch \u017Eivo\u010Dich\u016F m\u016F\u017Eeme fagocyty rozd\u011Blit na z\u00E1klad\u011B jejich schopnosti fagocytovat na profesion\u00E1ln\u00ED a neprofesion\u00E1ln\u00ED. Profesion\u00E1ln\u00ED zahrnuj\u00ED monocyty, makrof\u00E1gy, neutrofiln\u00ED granulocyty, dendritick\u00E9 bu\u0148ky a \u017E\u00EDrn\u00E9 bu\u0148ky. Fagocyty jsou nejen nepostradateln\u00E9 p\u0159i boji s infekcemi, ale odstra\u0148ov\u00E1n\u00EDm mrtv\u00FDch nebo um\u00EDraj\u00EDc\u00EDch bun\u011Bk i p\u0159i \u00FAdr\u017Eb\u011B zdrav\u00FDch tk\u00E1n\u00ED. B\u011Bhem infekce p\u0159itahuj\u00ED chemick\u00E9 sign\u00E1ly, poch\u00E1zej\u00EDc\u00ED od patogen\u016F, fagocyty na m\u00EDsto, kde bylo t\u011Blo napadeno patogeny. Tento pohyb se naz\u00FDv\u00E1 chemotaxe. Jakmile fagocyty p\u0159ijdou do kontaktu s patogeny, p\u0159ichyt\u00ED se k nim pomoc\u00ED receptor\u016F a pot\u00E9 patogeny pohlt\u00ED. N\u011Bkter\u00E9 fagocyty zabij\u00ED pohlcen\u00FD patogen pomoc\u00ED oxidant\u016F a oxidu dusnat\u00E9ho. Po \u00FAsp\u011B\u0161n\u00E9 fagocyt\u00F3ze se makrof\u00E1gy a dendritick\u00E9 bu\u0148ky mohou \u00FA\u010Dastnit prezentace antigen\u016F, procesu, p\u0159i kter\u00E9m \u010D\u00E1st z pohlcen\u00FDch materi\u00E1l\u016F vyvrhnou zp\u011Bt do t\u011Bla. Tento materi\u00E1l je registrov\u00E1n i ostatn\u00EDmi bu\u0148kami imunitn\u00EDho syst\u00E9mu. N\u011Bkter\u00E9 z fagocyt\u016F pot\u00E9 putuj\u00ED do m\u00EDzn\u00EDch uzlin a p\u0159edaj\u00ED materi\u00E1l lymfocyt\u016Fm. Tento proces je nepostradatelnou sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED budov\u00E1n\u00ED imunitn\u00EDho syst\u00E9mu. Nicm\u00E9n\u011B u mnoha patogen\u016F se vyvinuly prost\u0159edky, jak se vyhnout pohlcen\u00ED fagocyty.Mimo to existuj\u00ED i neprofesion\u00E1ln\u00ED fagocyty, k nim\u017E se \u0159ad\u00ED r\u016Fzn\u00E9 epiteli\u00E1ln\u00ED bu\u0148ky, endoteli\u00E1rn\u00ED bu\u0148ky, fibroblasty, mesenchym\u00E1ln\u00ED bu\u0148ky a podobn\u011B. Jejich hlavn\u00ED funkc\u00ED nen\u00ED fagocyt\u00F3za, ale jsou j\u00ED za ur\u010Dit\u00FDch okolnost\u00ED schopn\u00E9: odstra\u0148uj\u00ED t\u00EDmto zp\u016Fsobem mrtv\u00E9 \u010D\u00E1sti bun\u011Bk \u010Di dokonce cizorod\u00E9 elementy."@cs . . . . "Fagocyt"@cs . "fagocytick\u00FDch"@cs . "fagocyt\u00E1rn\u00EDch bun\u011Bk"@cs . "fagocytn\u00ED"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . "fagocyt\u016Fm"@cs . . . . . . . . . .