. . . . . . . . . . . "kn\u00ED\u017Ee z Jen(,"@cs . . . . . . . . "9812480900"^^ . . . . . "Jung-le"@cs . . "kn\u00ED\u017Ee z Jen"@cs . . . . "New York"@cs . . "321084438"^^ . . . "Denis C"@cs . . . . "521243327"^^ . . "The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368\u20131644, Part 1"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . "C\u00EDsa\u0159 Jung-le (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Y\u01D2ngl\u00E8, znaky zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u6C38\u4E50, tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u6C38\u6A02; 2. kv\u011Btna 1360 Jing-tchien (dnes Nanking) \u2013 12. srpna 1424 J\u00FC-mu-\u010Dchuan (severn\u011B od Dolonu)) vlastn\u00EDm jm\u00E9nem \u010Cu Ti (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Zh\u016B D\u00EC, znaky \u6731\u68E3) vl\u00E1dl v letech 1402\u20131424 \u010C\u00EDn\u011B jako t\u0159et\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e Ming. Byl \u010Dtvrt\u00FD syn Chung-wua, zakladatele a prvn\u00EDho c\u00EDsa\u0159e dynastie Ming.Od roku 1370 nosil titul kn\u00ED\u017Ee z Jen, od roku 1380 s\u00EDdlil v Pekingu a str\u00E1\u017Eil severov\u00FDchodn\u00ED pohrani\u010D\u00ED. V 80. a 90. letech 14. stolet\u00ED vynikl v boj\u00EDch s Mongoly a projevil se jako talentovan\u00FD vojev\u016Fdce, popul\u00E1rn\u00ED mezi voj\u00E1ky, a \u00FAsp\u011B\u0161n\u00FD st\u00E1tn\u00EDk.Roku 1399 se vzbou\u0159il proti sv\u00E9mu synovci, nov\u00E9mu c\u00EDsa\u0159i \u0164ien-wenovi. V ob\u010Dansk\u00E9 v\u00E1lce, kterou nazval kampa\u0148 \u0165ing-nan, kampa\u0148 za uklidn\u011Bn\u00ED nepo\u0159\u00E1dk\u016F, po t\u0159ech letech urputn\u00FDch boj\u016F zv\u00EDt\u011Bzil a roku 1402 se prohl\u00E1sil za c\u00EDsa\u0159e. Po p\u0159evzet\u00ED vl\u00E1dy s nov\u00FDm rokem vyhl\u00E1sil \u00E9ru \u201EV\u011B\u010Dn\u00E9ho \u0161t\u011Bst\u00ED\u201C, Jung-le. N\u00E1zev \u00E9ry je pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n i jako jm\u00E9no c\u00EDsa\u0159e.Jeho vl\u00E1da je ob\u010Das vn\u00EDm\u00E1na jako \u201Edruh\u00E9 zalo\u017Een\u00ED\u201C mingsk\u00E9 dynastie, jeliko\u017E ost\u0159e zm\u011Bnil politick\u00FD kurs sv\u00E9ho otce. Po n\u00E1stupu na tr\u016Fn se musel vypo\u0159\u00E1dat s n\u00E1sledky ob\u010Dansk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky. Severo\u010D\u00EDnsk\u00FD venkov byl boji poni\u010Den, hospod\u00E1\u0159stv\u00ED zde trp\u011Blo nedostatkem pracovn\u00EDch sil. C\u00EDsa\u0159 se rozhodl pos\u00EDlit a stabilizovat ekonomiku, ale nejd\u0159\u00EDve uml\u010Det jak\u00FDkoli odpor. O\u010Distil st\u00E1tn\u00ED spr\u00E1vu jak od stoupenc\u016F \u0164ien-wena, tak od zkorumpovan\u00FDch a neloaj\u00E1ln\u00EDch \u00FA\u0159edn\u00EDk\u016F. Vl\u00E1da ost\u0159e zas\u00E1hla i proti tajn\u00FDm spole\u010Dnostem a bandit\u016Fm. Sna\u017Eil se pozvednout hospod\u00E1\u0159stv\u00ED podporou produkce potravin i tkanin. Vyu\u017E\u00EDvala se neobd\u011Bl\u00E1van\u00E1 p\u016Fda, kultivovaly nov\u00E9 pozemky v bohat\u00FDch oblastech delty Jang-c'-\u0165iang.Jung-le sn\u00ED\u017Eil v\u00FDznam Nankingu, kdy\u017E roku 1403 vyhl\u00E1sil rozhodnut\u00ED o pov\u00FD\u0161en\u00ED Pekingu na hlavn\u00ED m\u011Bsto. V\u00FDstavba nov\u00E9 metropole v letech 1407\u20131420 ka\u017Edodenn\u011B zam\u011Bstnala stovky tis\u00EDc pracovn\u00EDk\u016F. V centru Pekingu se nach\u00E1zelo vlastn\u00ED st\u0159edisko moci \u2013 \u00FA\u0159ednick\u00E9 C\u00EDsa\u0159sk\u00E9 m\u011Bsto a uprost\u0159ed n\u011Bj Zak\u00E1zan\u00E9 m\u011Bsto \u2013 pal\u00E1cov\u00E9 s\u00EDdlo samotn\u00E9ho c\u00EDsa\u0159e a jeho rodiny. Nechal zrekonstruovat Velk\u00FD kan\u00E1l, pot\u0159ebn\u00FD k z\u00E1sobov\u00E1n\u00ED metropole i arm\u00E1d na severu.C\u00EDsa\u0159 podporoval konfuci\u00E1nstv\u00ED i buddhismus. Dva tis\u00EDce u\u010Denc\u016F zam\u011Bstnal sestaven\u00EDm obrovit\u00E9 Encyklopedie Jung-le, kter\u00E1 v\u00FDrazn\u011B p\u0159ekonala v\u0161echny dosavadn\u00ED encyklopedie, v\u010Detn\u011B \u010Cty\u0159 velk\u00FDch knih Sung\u016F z 11. stolet\u00ED. P\u0159ik\u00E1zal set\u0159\u00EDdit texty neokonfuci\u00E1nc\u016F a vyu\u017E\u00EDt je jako u\u010Debn\u00ED p\u0159\u00EDru\u010Dky pro v\u00FDuku budouc\u00EDch \u00FA\u0159edn\u00EDk\u016F. \u00DA\u0159ednick\u00E9 zkou\u0161ky v t\u0159\u00EDlet\u00E9m cyklu p\u0159in\u00E1\u0161ely kvalifikovan\u00E9 absolventy, kte\u0159\u00ED zaplnili st\u00E1tn\u00ED apar\u00E1t. Byl zn\u00E1m\u00FD tvrd\u00FDm trest\u00E1n\u00EDm selh\u00E1n\u00ED a rychl\u00FDm pov\u00FD\u0161en\u00EDm \u00FAsp\u011B\u0161n\u00FDch slu\u017Eebn\u00EDk\u016F. P\u0159esto\u017Ee se, stejn\u011B jako jeho otec, nev\u00E1hal v p\u0159\u00EDpad\u011B pot\u0159eby n\u00E1siln\u011B vypo\u0159\u00E1dat s odp\u016Frci, opustil jeho politiku \u010Dast\u00FDch \u010Distek. Minist\u0159i zast\u00E1vali sv\u00E1 m\u00EDsta dlouh\u00E1 l\u00E9ta, st\u00E1tn\u00ED spr\u00E1va z\u00EDskala na profesionalit\u011B a stabilnosti.Nicm\u00E9n\u011B nejenom \u00FA\u0159edn\u00EDci se t\u011B\u0161ili p\u0159\u00EDzni a podpo\u0159e c\u00EDsa\u0159e. \u0158\u00ED\u0161i vl\u00E1dl do zna\u010Dn\u00E9 m\u00EDry \u201Ez ko\u0148sk\u00E9ho sedla\u201C, cestoval mezi ob\u011Bma hlavn\u00EDmi m\u011Bsty, stejn\u011B jako c\u00EDsa\u0159i \u0159\u00ED\u0161e J\u00FCan, a opakovan\u011B vedl vojensk\u00E1 ta\u017Een\u00ED do Mongolska. \u00DA\u0159edn\u00EDci se stav\u011Bli proti takov\u00E9mu chov\u00E1n\u00ED, c\u00EDt\u00EDce ohro\u017Een\u00ED z toho plynouc\u00EDm vlivem eunuch\u016F a vojensk\u00FDch \u0161pi\u010Dek, skupin, jejich\u017E moc z\u00E1visela na c\u00EDsa\u0159sk\u00E9 p\u0159\u00EDzni.V\u00FDrazn\u011B aktivizoval zahrani\u010Dn\u00ED politiku ve snaze o pos\u00EDlen\u00ED a konsolidaci hegemonn\u00EDho postaven\u00ED ve v\u00FDchodn\u00ED Asii. Diplomatick\u00E1 poselstva a vojensk\u00E9 expedice m\u00ED\u0159ily do \u201Ev\u0161ech \u010Dty\u0159 stran sv\u011Bta\u201C. Po\u010Detn\u00E9 mise nav\u0161t\u00EDvily \u0159adu bl\u00EDzk\u00FDch i vzd\u00E1len\u00FDch zem\u00ED v\u010Detn\u011B Mand\u017Euska, Koreje, Japonska, Filip\u00EDn, i tim\u00FArovskou \u0159\u00ED\u0161i ve st\u0159edn\u00ED Asii. Proslul\u00E9 n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00ED plavby \u010Ceng Chea dos\u00E1hly b\u0159eh\u016F jihov\u00FDchodn\u00ED Asie, Indie, Persie a v\u00FDchodn\u00ED Afriky.V\u00E1\u017Enou hrozbu bezpe\u010Dnosti \u0159\u00ED\u0161e p\u0159edstavovali Mongolov\u00E9, rozd\u011Blen\u00ED na t\u0159i skupiny \u2013 Urianchajci na jihov\u00FDchod\u011B byli v\u011Bt\u0161inou loaj\u00E1ln\u00ED, v\u00FDchodn\u00ED Mongolov\u00E9 a z\u00E1padn\u00ED Ojrati problemati\u010Dt\u00ED. Mingsk\u00E1 \u010C\u00EDna je st\u0159\u00EDdav\u011B podporovala a stav\u011Bla proti sob\u011B. Jung-le osobn\u011B vedl p\u011Bt ta\u017Een\u00ED do Mongolska. Samotn\u00FD p\u0159esun metropole z Nankingu do Pekingu byl diktov\u00E1n nutnost\u00ED st\u00E1le dr\u017Eet pod dohledem neklidn\u00E9 severn\u00ED sousedy.Jung-le byl zku\u0161en\u00FD vojev\u016Fdce a arm\u00E1d\u011B v\u011Bnoval velkou pozornost. P\u0159esto jeho v\u00E1lky neskon\u010Dily dob\u0159e. V\u00E1lka ve Vietnamu se t\u00E1hla od po\u010D\u00E1te\u010Dn\u00EDho vp\u00E1du roku 1407 do konce jeho vl\u00E1dy. \u010Cty\u0159i roky po c\u00EDsa\u0159ov\u011B smrti nezbylo mingsk\u00E9 arm\u00E1d\u011B ne\u017E odt\u00E1hnout zp\u011Bt do \u010C\u00EDny. Jeho mongolsk\u00E1 ta\u017Een\u00ED nezm\u011Bnila pom\u011Br sil a nezajistila bezpe\u010Dnost severn\u00ED hranice.Zem\u0159el roku 1424, je poh\u0159ben v \u010Cchang-ling, nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED z hrobek mingsk\u00FDch c\u00EDsa\u0159\u016F le\u017E\u00EDc\u00EDch nedaleko Pekingu."@cs . . . . . . . . . "c\u00EDsa\u0159"@cs . . . "Louise"@cs . . . . . . . "Encyclop\u00E6dia Britannica Inc."@cs . . . "Frederick W."@cs . . "Early Ming China: a political history, 1355-1435"@cs . . . . . . . . "en"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . "Paul"@cs . "\u010Cu Kao-\u010Dch\u2019"@cs . "Stanford"@cs . . . "\u6C38\u4E50"@cs . "160"^^ . . "Levathes"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . "Jung-le"@cs . . . . . "114076"^^ . . . . . . . . "anglicky"@cs . . . . "\u00FApln\u00E9: \u010Cchi‑tchien chung‑tao kao‑ming \u010Dao‑j\u00FCn \u0161eng‑wu \u0161en‑kung \u010Dchun‑\u017Een \u010D\u2019‑siao wen chuang‑ti"@cs . . . . . . . . "1424-08-12"^^ . . . . "2002"^^ . . "0"^^ . . . "2007"^^ . . . "2005"^^ . "1994"^^ . "252"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "Y\u01D2ngl\u00E8"@cs . "2012-06-19"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u010Cu Kao-suej, kn\u00ED\u017Ee \u0164ien z \u010Cao"@cs . . "238"^^ . "Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle"@cs . "1402"^^ . "295981245"^^ . . . . . "\u010Cu Ti"@cs . . . . . . . . . "Shih-Shan Henry"@cs . . . "337546846"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Pearson Longman"@cs . "Simon & Schuster"@cs . . . . . . . . "Cambridge"@cs . . . "Twitchett"@cs . . . . . . . . . ")"@cs . "\u6731\u68E3"@cs . "1982"^^ . "413"^^ . "Rozario"@cs . . "\u010Cu"@cs . . "Encyclop\u00E6dia Britannica. Encyclop\u00E6dia Britannica Online"@cs . . . . . "Library of World Biography Series"@cs . . "Cambridge University Press"@cs . . . "Stanford University Press"@cs . . . . "Ming"@cs . "1370\u20131402"@cs . . "Tsai"@cs . . "Chan"@cs . . . "\u010Cu"@cs . . "Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433"@cs . . "#ff0000"@cs . "When China ruled the seas: the treasure fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433"@cs . . . . . . . . "Mote"@cs . "Hok-Lam"@cs . . "\u010Cu Ti"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . "2012"^^ . "Singapore"@cs . "\u010Cu Ti ()"@cs . "Dreyer"@cs . . "Jung-le"@cs . "\u010Cu Tim"@cs . . . . . . . "184"^^ . . . . . . "Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet 1405-1433 : A Modern Day Traveller's Guide from Antiquity to the Present"@cs . . "\u010Cu Kao-si"@cs . . . . . . . . "507099"^^ . . . . "Yongle"@cs . "C\u00EDsa\u0159 Jung-le (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Y\u01D2ngl\u00E8, znaky zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u6C38\u4E50, tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u6C38\u6A02; 2. kv\u011Btna 1360 Jing-tchien (dnes Nanking) \u2013 12. srpna 1424 J\u00FC-mu-\u010Dchuan (severn\u011B od Dolonu)) vlastn\u00EDm jm\u00E9nem \u010Cu Ti (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Zh\u016B D\u00EC, znaky \u6731\u68E3) vl\u00E1dl v letech 1402\u20131424 \u010C\u00EDn\u011B jako t\u0159et\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e Ming. Byl \u010Dtvrt\u00FD syn Chung-wua, zakladatele a prvn\u00EDho c\u00EDsa\u0159e dynastie Ming.Od roku 1370 nosil titul kn\u00ED\u017Ee z Jen, od roku 1380 s\u00EDdlil v Pekingu a str\u00E1\u017Eil severov\u00FDchodn\u00ED pohrani\u010D\u00ED. V 80. a 90. letech 14."@cs . . . . . . . "Seattle, Wash.; Chesham"@cs . . . . . "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hs\u00FCan-te reigns"@cs . . . . . "\u010Cu Tiho"@cs . . "Kung-fej"@cs . . "1988"^^ . "\u010Cchang-ling"@cs . "zkr\u00E1cen\u00E9: Wen-ti ;"@cs . . . . . . . "315"^^ . "1360-05-02"^^ . "Edward L"@cs . . . "\u6C38\u6A02"@cs . . . . . . . . . "c\u00EDsa\u0159"@cs . "Yongle"@cs . . . . "\u660E\u592A\u5B97.jpg"@cs . . "286"^^ . . "J\u00FC-mu \u010Dchuan"@cs . "a \u0159ada vedlej\u0161\u00EDch man\u017Eelek a konkub\u00EDn"@cs . "1"^^ . . . "Tchaj-cung , roku 1538 zm\u011Bn\u011Bno na \u010Ccheng-cu"@cs . . . . "\u010Cu-ti"@cs . . . . "a p\u011Bt dcer"@cs . . . . . . . "Jung-le"@cs . . . "1424"^^ . . . . . "\u010Cu Kao-s\u00FC, kn\u00ED\u017Ee z Chan"@cs . . . . "Jung-le"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . "Jung-le"@cs . . . . "SNP Editions"@cs . . . . . . . . . "--07-17"^^ . . . . . . . . "University of Washington Press; Combined Academic"@cs . "671701584"^^ . . . . . . . . "Zh\u016B D\u00EC"@cs . . . . "16473351"^^ . . . .