. . . "23"^^ . . . "pneumatu"@cs . . "4154"^^ . . . . . . . "Pneuma (\u0159eck\u00E9 slovo \u03C0\u03BD\u03B5\u03CD\u03BC\u03B1 s v\u00FDznamem \u201Evzduch\u201C, \u201Edech\u201C, \u201Educh\u201C, v \u0161ir\u0161\u00EDm smyslu \u201Edech \u017Eivota\u201C) je vzdu\u0161n\u00E1 \u010Di ohniv\u00E1 podstata sv\u011Bta. Jde o \u00FAst\u0159edn\u00ED pojem stoicismu. Pro prvn\u00ED stoiky je B\u016Fh opravdu dech \u0161\u00ED\u0159\u00EDc\u00ED se cel\u00FDm sv\u011Btem, tv\u016Fr\u010D\u00ED ohe\u0148, \u010Di p\u0159esn\u011Bji \u0159e\u010Deno sm\u011Bs ohn\u011B a vzduchu, zt\u011Bles\u0148uj\u00EDc\u00ED aktivn\u00ED princip. Ten, d\u00E1le sm\u00ED\u0161en s pasivn\u00EDmi \u017Eivly, zem\u00ED a vodou, vytv\u00E1\u0159\u00ED ve\u0161ker\u00E1 t\u011Bla, zv\u00ED\u0159ata, rostliny a miner\u00E1ly."@cs . "Pneuma"@cs . . . . . "pneum\u011B"@cs . "pneuma"@cs . . . . "Pneuma"@cs . . "Pneuma (\u0159eck\u00E9 slovo \u03C0\u03BD\u03B5\u03CD\u03BC\u03B1 s v\u00FDznamem \u201Evzduch\u201C, \u201Edech\u201C, \u201Educh\u201C, v \u0161ir\u0161\u00EDm smyslu \u201Edech \u017Eivota\u201C) je vzdu\u0161n\u00E1 \u010Di ohniv\u00E1 podstata sv\u011Bta. Jde o \u00FAst\u0159edn\u00ED pojem stoicismu. Pro prvn\u00ED stoiky je B\u016Fh opravdu dech \u0161\u00ED\u0159\u00EDc\u00ED se cel\u00FDm sv\u011Btem, tv\u016Fr\u010D\u00ED ohe\u0148, \u010Di p\u0159esn\u011Bji \u0159e\u010Deno sm\u011Bs ohn\u011B a vzduchu, zt\u011Bles\u0148uj\u00EDc\u00ED aktivn\u00ED princip. Ten, d\u00E1le sm\u00ED\u0161en s pasivn\u00EDmi \u017Eivly, zem\u00ED a vodou, vytv\u00E1\u0159\u00ED ve\u0161ker\u00E1 t\u011Bla, zv\u00ED\u0159ata, rostliny a miner\u00E1ly. V dokonal\u00E9m sm\u00ED\u0161en\u00ED s pasivn\u00ED mat\u00E9ri\u00ED prop\u016Fj\u010Duje pneuma t\u011Bl\u016Fm konzistenci, vnit\u0159n\u00ED pnut\u00ED (tonos), a z\u00E1rove\u0148 zaji\u0161\u0165uje jednotu sv\u011Bta, prodchnut\u00E9ho substanc\u00ED nesouc\u00ED s\u00E9m\u011B v\u0161ech v\u011Bc\u00ED (logoi spermatikoi).B\u011Bhem procesu integrace pojm\u016F stoick\u00E9 filosofie do novoplatonismu a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm pod vlivem k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ED zduchovn\u011Bl pojem pneuma do t\u00E9 m\u00EDry, \u017Ee p\u0159ekro\u010Dil r\u00E1mec alchymick\u00E9 \u010Di chemick\u00E9 teorie mat\u00E9rie. Stoick\u00E1 stopa se ztr\u00E1c\u00ED kdesi v \u0159eck\u00E9 alexandrijsk\u00E9 alchymii. Z\u00F3simos ji\u017E ozna\u010Duje pojmem pneuma jakoukoli vzdu\u0161nou substanci. L\u00E9ka\u0159sk\u00E1 literatura arabsk\u00E9ho a latinsk\u00E9ho st\u0159edov\u011Bku, inspirovan\u00E1 Gal\u00E9nem, pak roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159ila stoickou p\u0159edstavu causa contentiva, zaji\u0161t'u\u00EDc\u00ED soudr\u017Enost t\u011Bl a jako\u017Eto spiritus innatus d\u00E1vaj\u00EDc\u00ED bytostem \u017Eivot. Tak se mohla v alchymick\u00FDch nauk\u00E1ch op\u011Bt vyno\u0159it p\u0159edstava duchovn\u00ED substance, kter\u00E1 prov\u00EDv\u00E1 sv\u011Bt a pod r\u016Fzn\u00FDmi ozna\u010Den\u00EDmi vytv\u00E1\u0159\u00ED podstatu t\u0159\u00ED \u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00ED p\u0159\u00EDrody; velmi \u010Dasto si p\u0159itom alchymist\u00E9 nebyli jasn\u011B v\u011Bdomi jej\u00EDho stoick\u00E9ho p\u016Fvodu.Pojem pneuma m\u016F\u017Eeme rozpoznat v nes\u010Detn\u00FDch variant\u00E1ch vazk\u00E9 vlhkosti, v n\u00ED\u017E p\u0159\u00EDrodn\u00ED filosofov\u00E9 a alchymist\u00E9 od st\u0159edov\u011Bku a\u017E do 18. stolet\u00ED spat\u0159ovali p\u0159\u00ED\u010Dinu soudr\u017Enosti t\u011Bl, jejich rozp\u00EDnavosti i jejich ho\u0159lavosti \u2013 at' u\u017E jde o bitumen, s\u00EDru, terra pinguis Johanna Joachima Bechera, flogiston Georga Ernsta Stahla, nebo dokonce o elekt\u0159inu. Zvl\u00E1\u0161tn\u00ED vlastnosti pneuma v\u0161ak m\u016F\u017Eeme spat\u0159ovat i v kvintesenci Jana z Rupescissy, nebo u Paracelsa, kde t\u011Bla pronik\u00E1 a udr\u017Euje jemn\u00E1 substance. D\u00FAle\u017Eitost koncepce se ukazuje ve snaze cestou destilace izolovat univers\u00E1ln\u00EDho ducha, kter\u00FD je p\u0159edstupn\u011Bm kov\u016F i \u017Eivotn\u00EDm duchem. O tohoto ducha, naz\u00FDvan\u00E9ho ob\u010Das vzdu\u0161n\u00FD sanytr nebo Spirit of nitre, se zaj\u00EDmali Robert Fludd, Michael Sendivogius, Johann Baptist van Helmont a dal\u0161\u00ED; Rudof Glauber jej nazval miraculum mundi.Pierre Jean Fabre ve sv\u00E9m Palladium Spagyricum (\u201ESpagyrick\u00FD chr\u00E1m\u201C, Toulouse 1624) v\u00FDslovn\u011B sbli\u017Euje stoickou teorii duha, kter\u00FD d\u00E1v\u00E1 sv\u011Btu s\u00EDlu (spiritus mundi) s alchymick\u00FDm u\u010Den\u00EDm o v\u0161epronikaj\u00EDc\u00ED substanci a ztoto\u017E\u0148uje pneuma s \u201Educhem sv\u011Bta\u201C."@cs . "638374"^^ . . "12058461"^^ . . . . . . .